做书面表达时，我们常常会碰到这种情况：一个意思往往因一个单词不会而表达不清；一个好的句子因一个单词想不起来而不能完成。面对这种情况，该如何应对呢？下面介绍三种简便易行的应急措施，希望能对同学们有所帮助。 [b][b]　　一、换用笼统词 [b][b]　　词大体可分为两类：笼统词和具体词。笼统词的特点在于意义广泛、搭配性强。虽然它们独自不能精确表达一个动作，但在构成词组以后可替代很多具体词。写作中遇到一些具体词写不出来的时候，用笼统词取代，能收到异曲同工之妙。最常用的笼统词有 have，take等。 [b][b]　　例：迈克经历了一个极其艰苦的时代。M ike experienced a terrible hard time．写作时，若忘记了experience可用笼统词have代替，写成M ike had a terrible hard time．同样能收到预期效果。 [b][b]　　再看几例：Are you married？＝ Do you have a wife ／husband？ [b][b]　　Do you understand my meaning？＝Do you take my meaning？ [b][b]　　She will subscribe（订阅）to Chi- na Today．＝She will take China To- day．[b][b]二、换用同义词、反义词 [b][b]　　遇到未曾学过的词或一时想不起的词时，可采用发散性思维，发挥想象力，尽可能想出与之有关的同义词、反义词，利用语言的内在联系、多层次、多角度地运用语言，使单词受阻现象得以解决。 [b][b]　　例：昨晚李雷做了一场恶梦。 [b][b]　　Li Lei had a nightmare last night．因nightmare使用率不高，不易记住。但其同义词bad dream易记。上句可换译为：Li Lei had a bad dream last night． [b][b]　　再如：The food is tasty．＝The food is nice toeat．＝The food is delicious． [b][b]　　We discontinued the work at nine．＝We stopped the work at nine． [b][b]　　This woman is talkative．＝This woman is never quiet． [b][b]　　This car is expensive．＝This car is not cheap．[b][b]三、换用迂回表达 [b][b]　　当一个词或某些信息表达起来有困难时，要充分利用语言本身词汇丰富、句型多变等特点，进行迂回表达。因为任何一种表达形式，只要能达意便可接受。请仔细观察划线部分词语，看看是如何迂回表达的。 [b][b]　　例：1．我从未见到过这样顽固的人。 [b][b]　　I've never seen such a stubborn person．＝I've never seen such a person who never listens to other's advice． [b][b]　　2．如果我们想得到文凭，我们必须首先通过考试。 [b][b]　　If we want to obtain a diploma，we must first pass the exams．＝If we want to get a graduation paper，we must first pass the exams． [b][b]　　3．工厂里的烟囱（chimney）拔地而起。 [b][b]High chimneys have appeared in the factories．＝The factories are full of high chimneys．＝A lot of high chimneys can be seen in the factories． [b][b]　　4．他数学考试取得优异成绩，被大学录取了。 [b][b]　　He passed the maths exam ／succeeded in the maths exam and became a college student． [b][b]　　5．中午我们吃了野餐。 [b][b]　　At noon we had a picnic．＝At noon we had our lunch in the open air.（kiki33）[b]